Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (G-R), a highly skilled mathematician, epistemologist, & economist, was one of the thinkers who laid the bedrock for anything "Green" in economics. He did so with his concept of Bioeconomics.
G-R spent much of his career at Vanderbilt University in Nashville. His best known book, The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971), dealt not only with the two subjects in the title, but also science & thought, dialectics, epistemology, mathematical analysis, change/evolution, and society. It's truly a "magnum opus".
Because the book detailed the problems and dangers of unlimited economic growth, it drew negative reactions from neoclassical/neoliberal economists. After that, the work largely was ignored by mainstream economics.
G-R's Bioeconomics was/is genuinely revolutionary, and it's making a bigtime comeback. In large part, that's due to the failures/problems of mainstream economics. The two primary foundations of G-R's theory are as follows.
1. Human evolution, in addition to being within the body (endosomatic), has been outside the body (exosomatic) in the form of tools, machinery, industry, and external energy (e.g., fossil fuels). Not only exosomatic manufactured components have become part of our evolution, but money as well.
2. The recognition of the importance of qualitative change caused by new elements in economic processes is crucial to understanding economic reality. [The mechanistic epistemology of neoclassical/neoliberal economics largely fails to account for such change because primarily (often only) mathematical analysis is used in constructing economic models. Math formulas dominate. G-R proposed a combination of math and a dialectical approach (involving discourse, discussion, & reasoned argumentation) in order to determine economic reality.]
In simpler terms, G-R maintained that neoclassical/neoliberal economics could not account for the unanticipated, unknown variables (e.g., the effects of industrial pollutants, social & income inequality, overharvesting of natural resources, and a plethora of anomalies in human behavior) in an economy because only math is used in economic analysis and prediction. Dialectical reasoning - discussion of opposing views - is needed. Input of words, not just math formulas.
In relation to development and change, G-R antagonized the mainstreamers by his insistence that economic analysis must be based on reality, observed facts, rather than mathematical abstractions. He maintained that the neoclassical approach primarily consisted of nothing but conjecture.
For a much deeper look, see the article at the link below.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01603.x
The economic genius of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen finally is being recognized.
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Not only my opinion. Stay Well
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